A dynamic system for delivering controlled bromine and chlorine vapor exposures to weanling swine skin

Context: Assessing the hazards of accidental exposure to toxic industrial chemical (TIC) vapors and evaluating therapeutic compounds or treatment regimens require the development of appropriate animal models.

Objective: The objective of this project was to develop an exposure system for delivering controlled vapor concentrations of TICs to the skin of anesthetized weanling pigs. Injury levels targeted for study were superficial dermal (SD) and deep dermal (DD) skin lesions as defined histopathologically.

Materials and methods: The exposure system was capable of simultaneously delivering chlorine or bromine vapor to four, 3-cm diameter exposure cups placed over skin between the axillary and inguinal areas of the ventral abdomen. Vapor concentrations were generated by mixing saturated bromine or chlorine vapor with either dried dilution air or nitrogen.

Results: Bromine exposure concentrations ranged from 6.5?×?10^?4 to 1.03?g/L, and exposure durations ranged from 1 to 45?min. A 7-min skin exposure to bromine vapors at 0.59?g/L was sufficient to produce SD injuries, while a 17-min exposure produced a DD injury. Chlorine exposure concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 2.9?g/L (saturated vapor concentration) for exposures ranging from 3 to 90?min. Saturated chlorine vapor challenges for up to 30?min did not induce significant dermal injuries, whereas saturated chlorine vapor with wetted material on the skin surface for 30–60?min induced SD injuries. DD chlorine injuries could not be induced with this system.

Conclusion: The vapor exposure system described in this study provides a means for safely regulating, quantifying and delivering TIC vapors to the skin of weanling swine as a model to evaluate therapeutic treatments.     

张有民奇治法治疗淋证

张有民主任仿《石室秘录·奇治法》治疗淋证,认为本病的治疗目的在于温肾阴,清膀胱湿热,疏肝理脾,行气活血。用原方加减治疗各种淋病,取得良好效果。     

Niosomes as a propitious carrier for topical drug delivery

Introduction: Topical delivery is defined as drug targeting to the pathologic sites of skin with the least systemic absorption. Drug localization in this case is a crucial issue. For these purposes vesicular drug delivery systems including niosomes, proniosomes, liposomes and transferosomes have been developed.

Areas covered: This review first highlights the role of niosome in dermatology focusing on localized skin delivery and then reviews the most recent literatures regarding specific applications of niosomal drug delivery systems in clinics.

Expert opinion: Niosomes are becoming popular in the field of topical drug delivery due to their outstanding characteristics like enhancing the penetration of drugs, providing a sustained pattern of drug release, increasing drug stability and ability to carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.     

化妆品毒理学试验方法的标准比对

化妆品行业的快速发展离不开标准化的技术支撑，标准化对于推动技术进步、规范市场秩序、促进国际贸易起到重要的作用。本文对毒理学试验方法中的急性经皮毒性试验、亚慢性经皮毒性试验、致畸试验的国内外相关标准进行梳理和比对，分析目前标准存在的具体问题并提出建议。     

Irritantcy Potential and Sub Acute Dermal Toxicity Study of Pistacia Lentiscus Fatty Oil as a Topical Traditional Remedy

The current study was undertaken to assess safety of Pistacia lentiscus fruits fatty oil (PLFO) as a topical traditional remedy. A primary skin and eye irritation tests were conducted with New Zealand white rabbits to determine the potential for PLFO to produce irritation from a single application. In addition, a sub acute dermal toxicity study was performed on 18 NZW rabbits to evaluate possible adverse effect following application of PLFO for 28 days. Based on the results of the current study, PLFO is classified as slightly irritating to the skin and the eye of rabbits (Primary Irritation Index (P.I.I.) = 1.037; Ocular Irritation Index (O.I.I.) = 5.33 at 1 h). In the sub-acute toxicity test, PLFO produced neither mortality nor significant differences in the body and organ weights between control group and treated rabbits. However, a reversible irritant contact dermatitis was observed in the treated areas from the end of the second week of application until the end of experiment. This local phenomenon was accompanied by a significant skin thickening (P≤0.01) since the 12^th day (ANOVA, F = 11, 07143, P = 0, 00765) which is confirmed with an inflammatory granuloma in histological study. Haematological analysis and blood chemistry values of the 2 groups showed no significant differences in any of the parameters examined. In summary, PLFO is minimally irritating to the eye and skin after a single exposure, but it may cause irritant contact dermatitis and a reversible thickening of skin after prolonged use.